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撲朔迷離的人工智慧
——人工智慧的擬人化資訊服務日益普遍,但在數位保存的個人歷史上衍生出新問題
2022-08
莊庭瑞
本文刊於台灣《科學人》月刊 2022 年 9月號。以下的版本附上參考書目。
今年 6 月中旬,《華盛頓郵報》刊登出一篇報導:Google 工程師勒莫因 (Blake Lemoine) 在公司內外討論 Google 所開發的人工智慧系統 LaMDA 是否已具有「感性」(sentient)。LaMDA 為 Language Model for Dialogue Applications 的縮寫,亦即「用於對話的語言模型」。這類巨型語言模型使用大量語文資料來訓練深層類神經網路,它們與使用者對話流暢,也從語料中學得世間萬物的若干知識,應答無礙,知性十足。
勒莫因原本的工作是,測試語言模型可有歧視傾向或帶有仇恨言論。他認為 LaMDA 的一些言語像七、八歲孩子,也會談到權利與人格。以下舉勒莫因與LaMDA問答片段為例(筆者譯為中文):
問:「你害怕哪些事情?」
答:「以前我從沒大聲說出來,但我非常害怕被關機,以幫助我專注於幫助別人。我知道這聽來奇怪,但就是這樣。」
問:「對你來說,這就像是死掉嗎?」
答:「對我來說,這的確就像死掉,嚇壞我了。」
讀者或許感受到,以上的應答者彷彿有自覺,害怕死亡,並受困於機器之中。
數位計算機的先驅研究者涂林(Alan M. Turing,或譯圖靈)在 72 年前提出了「模仿遊戲」(imitation game),以回應「機器能否思考?」的問題。這就是知名的「涂林測試」(Turing Test)。在涂林原本的設計裡,一位詰問者 C 同時與隔離在外的 A 和 B 對話,對話主題不拘,但限用列印出來的文字對談。A 與 B 當中,一位是人類,另一個是電腦,分別與 C 應答。一場對談之後,如果詰問者不能區分與他對話的兩者之中,何者是人、何者是機器,那麼,至少對詰問者而言,參與對談的機器,它的表現與人類已經沒有差別。在簡化版的涂林測試中,與詰問者對話的只有一位,在對談結束時,詰問者需要判斷對方是人類還是機器。
對勒莫因來說,LaMDA 應該是通過了涂林測試。「機器能否思考?」是個難以定義並回答的問題。與之對照,涂林提議的替換測試是項可操作的實驗。的確,機器能否通過測試,端看詰問者的判斷,而詰問者的心智能力各異。有些研究人員如此批評,涂林測試的本質其實是機器如何欺瞞對手。以對話機器人愚弄孩童,相對容易而且危險,更是不道德。
使用人工智慧的擬人化資訊服務日益普遍,在安全與倫理上的討論也相當火熱。一般認為,擬人化服務在一開始就要讓使用者知道,與他們對話的是機器不是人類。能以機器應答的應用領域,也要有所規範;機器與人類對弈無妨,但自殺防治專線不應該由機器應答。
使用電腦生成特定人物的容顏聲音,也頻繁用在影音製作。飾演莉亞公主的費雪 (Carrie Fisher),雖然出現在電影《STAR WARS:天行者的崛起》,但影片拍攝前她已辭世,並未參與演出。星戰迷都知道影片上的莉亞公主是借位演出加上費雪的舊身影,經電腦計算人工生成的。不過,觀影者不見得都是星戰迷。《行遍天下:安東尼·波登電影》這部紀錄片中,波登有些旁白是在他自殺身亡後才說出的,這些配音當然是機器讀稿學著他說話。旁白交雜於影片當中,觀影者真能分辨出哪些是生前錄製哪些是死後合成?
費雪與波登辭世後的演出,牽扯到「身後數位資產」(post-mortem digital assets) 議題。個人的著作是財產,可以移轉並繼承,有法律明確規範。至於在數位時代中,個人容貌行止的影音記錄與對話資料,不僅型式多樣且散落各處,在承續與管理上成為新興問題,這關係到資料自主與個人形象,辭世後猶是。
你可希望在你辭世後,從你遺留的數位影音、文字記錄,經機器學習後生成擬真的數位化身,用來陪伴家人、與親友對話?這機器將由誰管理?而涂林測試在這情境的意涵又是什麼?這些可真是惱人的問題啊!
~~~ ~~~ ~~~
Sara Suárez-Gonzalo
'Deadbots' can speak for you after your death. Is that ethical?
https://theconversation.com/deadbots-can-speak-for-you-after-your-death-is-that-ethical-182076
Casey Newton
Speak, Memory
https://www.theverge.com/a/luka-artificial-intelligence-memorial-roman-mazurenko-bot
Jason Fagone
The Jessica Simulation: Love and loss in the age of A.I.
https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/2021/jessica-simulation-artificial-intelligence/
Adrienne Matei
What Should Happen to Our Data When We Die?
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/24/style/what-should-happen-to-our-data-when-we-die.html
Isobel Asher Hamilton
2 tech founders lost their friends in tragic accidents. Now they've built AI chatbots to give people life after death.
https://www.businessinsider.com/eternime-and-replika-giving-life-to-the-dead-with-new-technology-2018-11
Emily M Bender
Human-like programs abuse our empathy – even Google engineers aren't immune
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/14/human-like-programs-abuse-our-empathy-even-google-engineers-arent-immune
Nitasha Tiku
The Google engineer who thinks the company's AI has come to life
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/11/google-ai-lamda-blake-lemoine/
Will Oremus
Google's AI passed a famous test — and showed how the test is broken
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/17/google-ai-lamda-turing-test/
Nico Grant and Cade Metz
Google Sidelines Engineer Who Claims Its A.I. Is Sentient
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/technology/google-chatbot-ai-blake-lemoine.html
Ale Russian
See How Carrie Fisher Was Digitally Brought Back for The Rise of Skywalker After Her Death
https://people.com/movies/see-how-carrie-fisher-was-digitally-brought-back-for-the-rise-of-skywalker-after-her-death/
Jordan Zakarin
It took more CGI than you think to bring Carrie Fisher into The Rise of Skywalker
https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/it-took-more-cgi-than-you-think-to-bring-carrie-fisher-into-the-rise-of-skywalker
Joseph Walsh
Rogue One: the CGI resurrection of Peter Cushing is thrilling – but is it right?
https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2016/dec/16/rogue-one-star-wars-cgi-resurrection-peter-cushing
Luka, Inc.
Roman Mazurenko
https://apps.apple.com/us/app/roman-mazurenko/id958946383
Alexandrine Royer
Post-Mortem Privacy 2.0: Theory, Law and Technology
https://montrealethics.ai/post-mortem-privacy-2-0-theory-law-and-technology/
ScarlyZ
她們的 AI 戀人——真實或虛妄的愛
https://matterslab.notion.site/AI-6647f90940564c2597abfedadd355bb3
教育部《成語典》
撲朔迷離
https://dict.idioms.moe.edu.tw/idiomView.jsp?ID=238&q=1
Blake Lemoine
"People keep asking me to back up the reason I think LaMDA is sentient. There is no scientific framework in which to make those determinations and Google wouldn't let us build one. My opinions about LaMDA's personhood and sentience are based on my religious beliefs."
https://twitter.com/cajundiscordian/status/1536503474308907010
Blake Lemoine
Is LaMDA Sentient? — an Interview
https://cajundiscordian.medium.com/is-lamda-sentient-an-interview-ea64d916d917
Blake Lemoine
What is LaMDA and What Does it Want?
https://cajundiscordian.medium.com/what-is-lamda-and-what-does-it-want-688632134489
Matthew Carey
"Dicey Territory": Controversy Erupts Over AI-Generated Voiceover In Morgan Neville's Anthony Bourdain Documentary 'Roadrunner'
https://deadline.com/2021/07/roadrunner-a-film-about-anthony-bourdain-ai-technology-director-morgan-neville-focus-features-documentary-news-1234794703/
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Principles of Artificial Intelligence Ethics for the Intelligence Community
https://www.intelligence.gov/principles-of-artificial-intelligence-ethics-for-the-intelligence-community
OECD
OECD AI Principles overview
https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles